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This chapter aimed to examine the catch-up process and the role of scientific and technological collaboration between countries and agents, during the COVID-19 vaccine development. The findings reflected the existence of two differentiated catch-up patterns: one in which the gap is defined by technological dynamics (technological catch-up) and another in which the gap is associated with the race to develop the solution to a global problem, regardless of the type and maturity of the technology used (Global Solution Catch-up). In this last pattern, Latin America and other latecomer countries (LC) managed to develop a vaccine with diverse technologies and activating various collaboration mechanisms between public and private agents (national and international), the collective learning, and the fostering of their capabilities. To explain this process, an analysis scheme to evaluate the types of technology according to their degree of maturity (mature, intermediate, and disruptive), their trajectory (phases), and the scientific and technological collaboration between countries and agents were discussed.

This specification covers solid precast segmental concrete masonry units made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitable mineral aggregates, with or without the inclusion of other materials. The units are intended for use in the construction of catch basins and manholes. All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other defects that interfere with the proper placing of the unit.1.1 This specification covers dry-cast solid precast segmental concrete masonry units machine-made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitable mineral aggregates, with or without the inclusion of other materials. The units are intended for use in the construction of catch basins and manholes. 1.2 The text of this standard referenced notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Summary Background Studies where urine is typically obtained via invasive methods, show dipstick urinalysis can accurately screen for urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile infants under 90 days old. However, evidence is limited in settings where clean catch urine collection is standard practice. This study assessed the accuracy of dipstick for UTI in a prospective cohort of febrile infants presenting to UK and Ireland emergency departments, where clean catch is the predominant urine collection method.Methods Post-hoc analysis of the Febrile Infant Diagnostic Assessment and Outcome study, a prospective multicentre observational cohort study. Febrile infants ≤90 days old were recruited from 35 Paediatric Emergency Research in the UK and Ireland (PERUKI) sites (NCT05259683) between 6th July 2022 and the 31st August 2023. Accuracy of dipstick urinalysis testing for detecting UTI was reported with sensitivity, specificity and predictive values.Findings In this multicentre prospective study of 1821 febrile infants ≤90 days, point-of-care dipstick urinalysis was performed in 57.1% of cases. Diagnostic accuracy varied significantly by age, sex, and method of dipstick assessment. Sensitivity was lowest in neonates (≤28 days; 53.3%) and if dipsticks were user-inspected (57.1%), highlighting limitations in these subgroups. In contrast, automated dipstick testing in infants >28 days achieved high sensitivity (87.5%) and moderate specificity (73.4%) at a cut-off of ≥trace leukocytes and/or ≥trace nitrites. Specificity was notably lower in female infants (60.3%) than males (85.0%), likely due to higher contamination rates in clean catch samples.Interpretation Automated dipstick urinalysis offers a reliable method for excluding UTI in infants >28 days and can guide selective urine culture use when clean catch urine sampling is used. However, dipstick testing of samples obtained by clean catch should not be used to rule out UTI in neonates or when relying on manual interpretation due to poor sensitivity.Funding Royal College of Emergency Medicine Doctoral Fellowship (RCEM 02/03/2021), the funders played no part in study conception or design.

Estuaries are dynamic ecosystems and the species which inhabit them often support important commercial, recreational and indigenous fisheries. Catch rate standardisations are an essential component of many contemporary stock assessments, yet these standardisation processes often do not incorporate environmental variability and its influence on catchability. Here, we use acoustic tagging to quantify the relationship between environmental variation and small-scale, within-estuary, movement rates of dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus), a key fishery species in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. These relationships were then included as environmentally-mediated proxies for catchability in the standardisation of commercial mesh (gill) net catch rates. The case study showed that the probability of movement increased with freshwater inflow and varied across the lunar cycle. The effect of freshwater inflow was reflected in the commercial catch data of five estuaries, with greater catches of dusky flathead correlated with higher freshwater inflow, including one of the estuaries in which fish were acoustically tagged. Incorporating environmental effects (such as freshwater inflow) into catch standardisations of the five estuaries did not alter the overall trajectory of the time series but there were differences of up to 50.9 % (mean 12.3 %, SD 10.2 %) in the standardised index values in some years. Additionally, the study also found that large-scale weather drivers correlate with small biases in abundance indices when environmental conditions were excluded from standardisation processes. These results highlight the value of biological information and ecological experiments (including acoustic tracking studies) for validating assumptions in the broader stock assessment process such as how environmental variables may be influencing catchability or availability/density.

Ghost fishing, the incidental capture of marine organisms by abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Yet, comprehensive data on the ghost fishing catch in Norwegian waters, remains largely unavailable. To contribute to filling this data gap, we analyzed data from seven years (2018–2024) of retrieval operations targeting commercial derelict fishing gear. The ghost fishing catch consisted predominantly of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), edible crab (Cancer pagurus), red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), and snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio). Additionally, cetaceans, elasmobranchs, and a pinniped were caught. In Norwegian waters, reported gillnet losses result in yearly ghost fishing catches of 566 tons under the best-case scenario, 990 tons under the intermediate scenario, and 3723 tons under the worst-case scenario. Generalized linear mixed effects models (GLMMs) indicated a significant reduction in ghost fishing catch at retrieval in derelict king crab pots following the introduction of escape mechanisms. This study highlights the substantial biomass and biodiversity loss in the Norwegian marine environment caused by ALDFG, impacting both commercially valuable and endangered species. It also documents the effectiveness of escape mechanisms in reducing ghost fishing catch in derelict pots.

Highlights •Fiscal decentralization has a significant positive effect on social security.•Catch-up strategy plays a negative moderating role between fiscal decentralization and social security.•Eastern group is significantly higher than the full-sample coefficient.

Objectives Weekend catch-up sleep (WCS), defined as the difference between weekend and weekday sleep duration, may be a modifiable factor associated with stroke risk. This study examined the association between WCS and stroke prevalence in a nationally representative sample of adults.Methods Data from 9,096 participants in the 2017-2020 NHANES were analyzed. WCS was categorized as:

Highlights •A methodology for designing multi-layer foam soft catch systems is proposed.•This allows for retrieval of ballistic projectiles without further damage.•The methodology was validated for 0.50-cal. projectiles traveling at 1 km/s.•Projectiles were caught in multi-layer urethane foam targets with no damage.

Throw and catch are fundamental motor skills that are closely related to eye-hand coordination, reaction speed, and spatial awareness in children. Current research on throw and catch mainly focuses on the impact of attentional focus, anticipatory knowledge, and training on visuomotor control. Little work has been done on the synchronized movements of eyes and joints during the throw and catch. To understand how these synchronized movements contribute to the success rate of throwing and catching, we proposed a video-based framework named Synchronized Eye and Joint Analysis (SEJA). This framework locates, extracts, and analyzes the essential eye and joint movements from untrimmed first-person and third-person view videos. Using the proposed framework, throw and catch events in long untrimmed videos were successfully identified, and whether each catch was successful was accurately assessed. Additionally, detailed metrics related to predictive gaze behaviors and predictive hand movements for each catch event were obtained. On a dataset consisting of videos from 56 children aged 7 to 10, the proposed framework delivered an average precision (AP) ranging from 0.5 to 0.95 at 0.881 for task localization and achieved an accuracy of 0.985 in predicting whether a catch was successful. Our research indicated that children with higher catch success rates showed shorter delays in predicting the ball’s trajectory, smaller amplitudes of body movement, and more pronounced predictive saccades (rapid eye movements to anticipate the ball’s position). These findings are crucial for comprehending and improving the development of motor skills in children.

This study explores whether weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) influences the risk of major neurological and psychiatric disorders—including depression, anxiety, dementia, stroke, and Parkinson's disease (PD)—in a cohort of 91,665 participants from the UK Biobank, tracked over an average of 7.98 years. Accelerometer-measured sleep data were used to categorize WCS duration into four groups: no WCS (≤0 h), short (>0 to

The Greenlandic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) fishery is among the largest lumpfish fisheries in the world and serves as an important source of income for many local small-scale fishers. The fishery primarily targets females for their highly valued roe, using gillnets deployed from smaller vessels. However, challenges with unwanted bycatches raise concerns about the sustainability of the fishery. This study examines the impact of three different gillnet mesh sizes on the catch efficiency of lumpfish and non-target species. Results demonstrate that reducing the mesh size from the currently regulated 135 mm–120 mm (half mesh) can increase the catch probability of female lumpfish by 32 % while the capture for male lumpfish was estimated to increase by 240 %. Conversely, increasing the mesh size to 150 mm (half mesh) reduces female lumpfish catches by 70 % and 94 % for males respectively. The species composition was not affected to the same extent by changing mesh size. Despite the increased catch efficiency of lumpfish with smaller mesh sizes, the potential for higher seabird bycatch remains a significant concern, preventing recommendations for regulatory changes based on the current data.

Background Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is defined as the coexistence of two or more cardiometabolic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) is an effective repayment of sleep debt, and the association between WCS and CMM, and between WCS and CMM under the influence of average sleep duration, weekday sleep duration, and weekend sleep duration is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the association between WCS and CMM and their association under different sleep durations.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2017–2018 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset (N = 3431). Weighted multivariate logistic regression models estimated the odds ratio (OR) and their 95 % confidence interval (95%CI) between WCS and CMM, associations between WCS and CMM under different sleep duration stratifications were examined. A restricted cubic spline plot was used to describe the relationship between various sleep durations, WCS durations, and the prevalence of CMM.Results WCS made a statistically significant difference between those with CMM and no-CMM (p