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Plant available soil nitrogen (N) may affect deep root growth and soil N depletion by catch crops. We investigated the influence of topsoil N availability on root growth and uptake by fodder radish.We conducted field and greenhouse experiments of root growth and late autumn N uptake at medium and high soil N availabilities, and root N inflow at medium and deep soil depths ( 15 N injection) in sandy loam and loamy sand, using the minirhizotron method in the field and rhizotrons in the greenhouse.High soil N availability resulted in lower root intensity in the field, but higher root intensity in the greenhouse experiment under both soil types. Radish had deeper roots and higher root intensity in sandy loam than in loamy sand. High soil N availability caused lower 15 N uptake at both soil depths in the field and lower N inflow rates at both soil depths in field and greenhouse. At medium soil N availability in the field, N inflow was twice as high in the deep than in the medium depth.Higher soil N availability affects root growth and decrease N inflow, thus lowering late autumn N uptake and hampering deep N exploitation by fodder radish. At medium soil N availability, the potential for N uptake in deep soil is higher probably due to younger roots than at a medium soil depth. The shallower and less dense root growth in loamy sand is probably due to its lower clay and higher P contents.

Most research on aposematism has focused on chemically defended prey, but the signalling difficulty of capture remains poorly explored. Similar to classical Batesian and Müllerian mimicry related to distastefulness, such ‘evasive aposematism’ may also lead to convergence in warning colours, known as evasive mimicry. A prime candidate group for evasive mimicry are Adelpha butterflies, which are agile insects and show remarkable colour pattern convergence. We tested the ability of naive blue tits to learn to avoid and generalize Adelpha wing patterns associated with the difficulty of capture and compared their response to that of birds that learned to associate the same wing patterns with distastefulness. Birds learned to avoid all wing patterns tested and generalized their aversion to other prey to some extent, but learning was faster with evasive prey compared to distasteful prey. Our results on generalization agree with longstanding observations of striking convergence in wing colour patterns among Adelpha species, since, in our experiments, perfect mimics of evasive and distasteful models were always protected during generalization and suffered the lowest attack rate. Moreover, generalization on evasive prey was broader compared to that on distasteful prey. Our results suggest that being hard to catch may deter predators at least as effectively as distastefulness. This study provides empirical evidence for evasive mimicry, a potentially widespread but poorly understood form of morphological convergence driven by predator selection.

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Fishery catch forecasting is a crucial aspect of aquatic research because of its relevance to establishing effective fishery management and resource allocation systems. In this study, we aim to forecast and analyze fish catch by collaboratively processing data using methods at multiple scales. To this end, we propose two computational fishery catch forecasting models. A neural network model based on the multi-timescale features of a convolutional neural network and a long short-term memory neural network is proposed and implemented to forecast short-term measures for the daily catch in the eastern ports of Hokkaido, Japan. Similarly, we propose a long-term catch forecasting and analysis model combining the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method and a neural network to explore short-term water temperature and long-term catch dependence in the case of sparse data; we implement this method to investigate the total monthly catch in Hokkaido. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods were able to effectively forecast and analyze fishery catch based on different data scales, volumes, and other complex situations. This is also the first work in the field that considers multiple perspectives.

Age : 8-9 years old Reading Level : 3rd GradeDiscover Lola and Woofy's wonderful adventures!Lola and Woofy are the best friends in the whole world. It is Sunday today and Lola, Woofy and Titou go fishing with Lola's dad.Short stories for beginning readers.EXCERPT It was a fine Sunday afternoon. Lola's dad thought the weather was perfect to go fishing in the river. He asked Lola if she wanted to come along, and of course, Lola said yes. She loved to spend Sunday afternoons with her dad.ABOUT THE SERIES14 cute and short stories to which every kid can relate. Each adventure puts Lola, an ordinary little girl, and her pet dog in a realistic everyday situation. With short sentences and simple words, first readers can read and understand these books easily. A good way for beginners to put their reading to practice.Featured books: • A surprising goal! • An original advert! • Texas camping • What a fright! • Lost in the Zoo! • Everybody in the ring! • What a Show! • The Odd Student! • Puppy Love! • Woofy in Pain • Woofy Missing! • Happy Holidays! • The Mischief Maker

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and status of 54 fishery resources exploited by the Gujarat fishing fleet in the northeastern Arabian Sea were assessed using the data-limited CMSY method. The prioritized fishery resources in this study make a significant contribution to the total marine catch in the region and play a vital role in trophic interactions. The Gujarat marine fisheries recorded an annual percentage growth rate of 5.04 per year from 1985 to 2018. The MSY was computed at 8.73 × 105 t across all resources. The biomass indicators (B/BMSY) indicated alarming overexploitation for commercially exploited resources like Bregmaceros mcclellandi, Tenualosa ilisha, Coilia dussumieri, Euthynnus affinis, Thunnus tonggol, Scomberoides spp., Psettodes erumei, Pampus argenteus, etc. Stock assessment using biological reference points (B/BMSY, F/FMSY) classified 39 resources were found either healthy or slightly overfished (B/BMSY>0.8), while 13 showed varying degrees of overexploitation, including 2 severely depleted species (unicorn cod, silverbellies). The rampant increase of fishing efforts and target exploitation can cause the collapse or overfishing of resources, which eventually affects the integrity of the ecosystem. The fishery and biomass indicators computed in the current study suggest periodic monitoring of overexploited stocks and a framework of rebuilding strategies for grossly overfished and overfished resources.Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.

We explore the effect of lottery presentation formats on elicitation of risk preferences using a popular probability varying task (Holt & Laury. The American Economic Review92 (5), 1644–1655. 2002) and a payoff-varying task (Drichoutis & Lusk. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty53 (2), 89–106. 2016). The presentation formats use horizontal bars that vary either the width or height of the bars (or both at the same time) to help subjects in judging how large or small probabilities and monetary amounts are in a given choice set. These graphical formats are compared to a text only format. We complement our choice data with eye tracking data that enriches our structural models with additional information regarding how visual attention varies with the presented information. While we find no statistically significant effects of presentation formats on elicited parameters for risk preferences, we find that eye tracking information not only is associated with preference parameters, but it also changes the inferences with respect to which decision theory better fits the choice data.

Even though peer review enjoys sound theoretical support, classroom research has not always provided a clear picture of its effectiveness, particularly when it comes to form-focused editing. In addition to yielding conflicting findings with respect to the number of corrections students make based on peer feedback (Connor & Asenavage, 1994; Mendonça & Johnson, 1994; Paulus, 1999; Villamil & de Guerrero, 1998), several gaps in the literature remain unaddressed, particularly in terms of error detection rates. This study sought to determine to what extent learners are able to (a) detect errors during peer editing, (b) provide each other with correct information, and (c) incorporate peer-provided suggestions in subsequent individual writing tasks. Participants were 20 undergraduate students enrolled in an intermediate Spanish course. They individually wrote a story based on pictures, exchanged papers with a partner, and provided each other with feedback on lexical, grammatical, and orthographic issues. The learners' audio-recorded interactions and the narratives produced by the learners during and after the peer-editing session were analyzed. Results indicate that even though learners detect a small proportion of errors, the majority of corrections were accurate and were incorporated in writing tasks completed immediately after the peer editing session, as well as two weeks later.

Present artificial muscles have been suffering from poor actuation step precision and the need of energy input to maintain actuated states due to weak interactions between guest and host materials or the unstable structural changes. Herein, these challenges are addressed by deploying a mechanism of reversible faradaic insertion and extraction reactions between tetrachloroaluminate ions and collapsed carbon nanotubes. This mechanism allows tetrachloroaluminate ions as a strong but dynamic “locker” to achieve an energy-free high-tension catch state and programmable stepwise actuation in the yarn muscle. When powered off, the muscle nearly 100% maintained any achieved contractile strokes even under loads up to 96,000 times the muscle weight. The actuation mechanism allowed the programmable control of stroke steps down to 1% during reversible actuation. The isometric stress generated by the yarn muscle (14.6 MPa in maximum, 40 times that of skeletal muscles) was also energy freely lockable and step controllable with high precision. Importantly, when fully charged, the muscle stored energy with a high capacity of 102 mAh g–1, allowing the muscle as a battery to power secondary muscles or other devices.

Quantum mechanical electron tunneling is explored as the mediator of chemical bonding. Three topics are addressed. First, a baseball game-of-catch metaphor is employed to elucidate the physics of chemical bonding. According to this metaphor, a baseball player, a baseball, and the act of throwing a baseball are analogous to an atom, an electron, and the act of electron tunneling. Using this framework, the tunneling physics of covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding is clarified. Second, gas-state energies associated with frontier orbital positioning are established and are used in the chemical bond tunneling assessment of four homopolar bonds, H–H, NN, OO, and F–F, and four heteropolar bonds, H–F, H–Cl, H–Br, and H–I. Third, a new procedure for estimating solid-state tunneling parameters is introduced, involving quantum confinement of gas-state energy frontier orbitals.