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Since the start of the pandemic, routine vaccination has been delayed or suspended in many countries. Over one-third of countries have had continued disruptions to routine immunization programs in 2021. Since 2020, there has been an increase in zero-dose children, leading to a substantial immunity gap in many developing countries. Unvaccinated children have become susceptible to outbreaks due to missed immunization doses. Post-pandemic, measles, polio, and cholera outbreaks have occurred. To address this challenge, UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) have launched the Big Catch-up campaign to accelerate catch-up efforts, promote recovery, and enhance routine immunization programs in priority countries. This paper outlines the prevalent challenges associated with reaching underserved children over the past four years, with a focus on the implementation of catch-up and recovery initiatives in 10 countries in two regions of Africa (East and Southern Africa (ESAR) and West and Central Africa Region (WCAR). The study findings indicated that it was feasible to identify children who had not received any vaccinations in the country by utilizing various data sources documented in research papers. An initial obstacle encountered was locating these children within the community. Thematic analysis of the plans culminated in categorizing the primary challenge, initially involving vaccinating children over 2 years old per national policy. The subsequent difficulties encompassed identifying these children, generating demand for vaccinations among older children, and reporting on the population of children who had not received any vaccines. The strategies primarily revolved around fortifying the data system to capture these zero-dose children, implementing catch-up campaigns, and the Periodic Intensification of Routine Immunization (PIRI). The successful execution of the proposed strategies may diminish immunity gaps and reinforce routine immunization services, aligning with the IA2030 agenda.

Abstract Background Insulin resistance (IR) is a precursor to metabolic syndrome. Weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) is practiced to compensate for insufficient weekday sleep, but its impact on IR remains unclear. This study investigated associations between WCS and severe IR risk. Methods Data from 1,903 adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2020 were analyzed. IR was assessed using the Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) and Metabolic Score for IR (METS-IR), with severe IR defined as the highest quartile. WCS was calculated by subtracting weekday sleep duration from weekend sleep duration and was categorized into five groups. Weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to examine associations between WCS patterns and severe IR risk. Percentages reported were weighted to account for sampling design and population distribution. Results The majority of participants were under 60 yrs (75.2%, n = 1,344) and had a body mass index below 30 kg/m2 (59.2%, n = 1,082). Slightly more than half of the participants were female (51.3%, n = 990). A U-shaped relationship between WCS duration and severe IR risk was observed, with the lowest risk at approximately 0.7–1.0 h of WCS. Short WCS durations (0

Cased-hole ultrasonic pitch-catch logging serves as a critical quantitative detection method in cement bond evaluation, primarily employed for the quantitative assessment of bonding quality at both casing-cement and cement-formation interfaces. Conventional reverse time migration (RTM) with coupled acoustic field cross-correlation imaging conditions often generates significant artifacts near real reflection interfaces. These artifacts arise from the complex characteristics of formation interface reflections in actual acquisitions, containing multiple seismic phases, which consequently interfere with accurate identification of the true cement-annulus-formation interface. To address this challenge, this study proposes a Helmholtz decomposition-based methodology. The approach establishes an improved RTM imaging method for cased-hole ultrasonic flexural waves through wavefield decoupling of both forward and backward propagated wavefields at each timestep, incorporating decoupled wavefield auto-correlation and cross-correlation operations. Synthetic case studies demonstrate that the auto-correlation RTM results of decoupled S-wave fields exhibit enhanced energy concentration at theoretical reflection interfaces when the annular medium is conventional cement, accompanied by significant reductions in imaging artifacts and noise. Therefore, the proposed decoupled wavefield RTM method provides an effective solution for high-precision imaging of cement-annulus-formation interfaces in cased-hole measurement environments.

Abstract Background Frailty is an age-related condition characterized by vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. Adequate sleep may reduce frailty risk, many individuals rely on weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) to offset weekday deficits. However, the relationship between WCS and frailty remains poorly understood. This study aims to clarify the association between WCS and frailty. Methods We conducted secondary data analyses using data from 7714 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2017–2020). Sleep duration was assessed through self-reported questions, while frailty was evaluated using the frailty index. WCS duration was then computed as the difference between weekend and weekday sleep durations, with WCS defined as WCS duration ≤ 0 h, 0–2 h, or ≥ 2 h. A frailty index of 0.25 or greater is considered frailty. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between WCS and frailty. Results In fully adjusted models, participants with 0–2 h of WCS had significantly lower odds of frailty (OR 0.709; 95% CI, 0.518–0.969; P = 0.035) compared to those with no WCS (≤ 0 h). However, the association was not significant for those with ≥ 2 h of WCS (OR 0.812; 95% CI, 0.550–1.200; P = 0.248). Subgroup analyses indicated no significant interaction across subgroups (P for interaction > 0.05). Limitations The cross-sectional design limits our ability to infer causality, and the reliance on self-reported sleep data may introduce measurement bias. Additionally, the frailty index, while validated, may not capture all dimensions of frailty. Future longitudinal studies with objective sleep measurements are needed to confirm these findings. Conclusions Our findings suggest that moderate WCS (0–2 h) may be associated with a lower prevalence of frailty, although the relationship is not linear and requires further investigation. These findings contribute to the emerging evidence base linking sleep patterns with frailty risk, warranting further prospective investigation.

Izzie just loves when her mama blows her kisses to catch. Smooch kisses, zig-zag kisses, and even triple decker kisses! But even though she runs and leaps for it, Izzie misses a kiss! Her heart sinks as she watches it zip higher and higher into the sky. When Mama lets Izzie in on a sweet secret she realizes that her mama's love will always come to find her, no matter what! This silly and tender story is a universal one of a parent's love.

While there have been recent improvements in reducing bycatch in many fisheries, bycatch remains a threat for numerous species around the globe. Static spatial and temporal closures are used in many places as a tool to reduce bycatch. However, their effectiveness in achieving this goal is uncertain, particularly for highly mobile species.We evaluated evidence for the effects of temporal, static, and dynamic area closures on the bycatch and target catch of 15 fisheries around the world. Assuming perfect knowledge of where the catch and bycatch occurs and a closure of 30% of the fishing area, we found that dynamic area closures could reduce bycatch by an average of 57% without sacrificing catch of target species, compared to 16% reductions in bycatch achievable by static closures. The degree of bycatch reduction achievable for a certain quantity of target catch was related to the correlation in space and time between target and bycatch species. If the correlation was high, it was harder to find an area to reduce bycatch without sacrificing catch of target species. If the goal of spatial closures is to reduce bycatch, our results suggest that dynamic management provides substantially better outcomes than classic static marine area closures. The use of dynamic ocean management might be difficult to implement and enforce in many regions. Nevertheless, dynamic approaches will be increasingly valuable as climate change drives species and fisheries into new habitats or extended ranges, altering species-fishery interactions and underscoring the need for more responsive and flexible regulatory mechanisms.