Test out our new Bento Search

No summary available.

For this paper, we are going to compare five variables in the National Innovation System (Localization, Originality, Diversification, Cycle time of technology, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index) for BRICS countries (Brazil, Federation of Russia, India, China, and South Africa). To do so, the paper first classifies BRICS countries into three different groups: fast catch-up, catch-up, and slow or no catch-up. Then, the paper analyses the changes in those five variables for the thirty years using USPTO patent data. The paper finds that fast-catching-up BRICS countries have different trajectories for localization, originality, the cycle time of technology, and HHI from slower catch-up BRICS countries. Then, the paper discusses strategies for middle-income countries to break through the middle-income trap which is different from simply following advanced countries.

Context Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient in agriculture, affecting both crop yields and soil health. In Denmark, one of the most densely farmed regions in the world, excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds are lost to the environment along gaseous and hydrological pathways in forms such as nitrate, ammonia, nitrogen oxides and dinitrogen.Objectives Here, we aim to assess the effect of different field management practices (fertilisation, crop residue management or cultivation of catch crops) on environmental Nr losses and the field scale soil net GHG balance (i.e., sum of soil C stock changes and direct and indirect N2O emissions).Methods For this purpose, highly detailed data from the Danish Agricultural Watershed Monitoring Program (LOOP-program; 2013–2019) were used in combination with the process-based model LandscapeDNDC.Results and conclusions The results indicate that a mixture of organic and synthetic fertilisers turns soils to a stronger net sink of GHGs (∼70 – ∼514 kgCO2−eq ha−1 yr−1) compared to exclusive use of only one type of fertiliser. In addition, incorporating crop residue and cultivation of catch crops increases the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 3–11 % on average and decreases environmental Nr losses.Significance These findings emphasize the potential of targeted fertiliser, residue and catch crop management to increase the sustainability of crop production systems in Denmark.

No summary available.

No summary available.

A continuous microfluidic glycosylation strategy that requires no chromatography between steps and significantly expedites glycosylation chemistry is described. This practical approach incorporates the advantages of imidazolium-based chromatography-free purification and in situ mass spectrometry reaction monitoring to achieve fast reaction optimization and shorter reaction times. We demonstrate the utility of this strategy in the synthesis of a series of glycoside targets, including an α-(1,6)-trimannoside and a branched Man5 oligomannoside, within 1 day.