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Existing literature highlights the relevance of technology uncertainty and processes in latecomers’ catch-up but largely ignores the potential interplay between the two as well as the catch-up cycle. Thus, the purpose of this study is to answer the research question of how process patterns throughout the various stages of the catch-up cycle hinge on technological uncertainty. Based on observations of the manufacturing industries of general equipment, pharmaceuticals, home appliances, and electronic device manufacturing in China, our findings reveal that the patterns differ in the early and late stages of the catch-up cycle, due to different technological uncertainties. We demonstrate the features of patterns in conjunction with the catch-up cycle: predictive or explanatory patterns as fundamental ones in the early stage; and convergent and divergent hybrid modes comprised of the aforementioned fundamental patterns in the late stage. Our results provide fresh insights into the catch-up process literature and offer valuable practical implications for latecomers.

The contribution of needlefishes from the Gulf of Mannar coast has been remarkable and is presently exploited by pelagic longlines. The J hook is extensively used in longline fishing in the Indian region to capture carnivore fishes, including needlefish. Catch rate significantly differed between the hook numbers. In this context, three hook numbers of 10 J, 11 J, and 12 J were studied from January to May 2022. Results showed that the Ablennes hians was the dominant fish caught (47.9%), followed by Tylosurus crocodiles (22.2%), T. choram (16.6%), and Strongylura strongylura (13.3%); weight-based catches of T. crocodiles (39.7%) were dominantly higher, followed by A. hians (35.9%), T. choram (13.8%), and S. strongylura (10.6%). The two-way ANOVA results revealed that a significant ( p p

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This chapter aimed to examine the catch-up process and the role of scientific and technological collaboration between countries and agents, during the COVID-19 vaccine development. The findings reflected the existence of two differentiated catch-up patterns: one in which the gap is defined by technological dynamics (technological catch-up) and another in which the gap is associated with the race to develop the solution to a global problem, regardless of the type and maturity of the technology used (Global Solution Catch-up). In this last pattern, Latin America and other latecomer countries (LC) managed to develop a vaccine with diverse technologies and activating various collaboration mechanisms between public and private agents (national and international), the collective learning, and the fostering of their capabilities. To explain this process, an analysis scheme to evaluate the types of technology according to their degree of maturity (mature, intermediate, and disruptive), their trajectory (phases), and the scientific and technological collaboration between countries and agents were discussed.

This specification covers solid precast segmental concrete masonry units made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitable mineral aggregates, with or without the inclusion of other materials. The units are intended for use in the construction of catch basins and manholes. All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other defects that interfere with the proper placing of the unit.1.1 This specification covers dry-cast solid precast segmental concrete masonry units machine-made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitable mineral aggregates, with or without the inclusion of other materials. The units are intended for use in the construction of catch basins and manholes. 1.2 The text of this standard referenced notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Summary Background Studies where urine is typically obtained via invasive methods, show dipstick urinalysis can accurately screen for urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile infants under 90 days old. However, evidence is limited in settings where clean catch urine collection is standard practice. This study assessed the accuracy of dipstick for UTI in a prospective cohort of febrile infants presenting to UK and Ireland emergency departments, where clean catch is the predominant urine collection method.Methods Post-hoc analysis of the Febrile Infant Diagnostic Assessment and Outcome study, a prospective multicentre observational cohort study. Febrile infants ≤90 days old were recruited from 35 Paediatric Emergency Research in the UK and Ireland (PERUKI) sites (NCT05259683) between 6th July 2022 and the 31st August 2023. Accuracy of dipstick urinalysis testing for detecting UTI was reported with sensitivity, specificity and predictive values.Findings In this multicentre prospective study of 1821 febrile infants ≤90 days, point-of-care dipstick urinalysis was performed in 57.1% of cases. Diagnostic accuracy varied significantly by age, sex, and method of dipstick assessment. Sensitivity was lowest in neonates (≤28 days; 53.3%) and if dipsticks were user-inspected (57.1%), highlighting limitations in these subgroups. In contrast, automated dipstick testing in infants >28 days achieved high sensitivity (87.5%) and moderate specificity (73.4%) at a cut-off of ≥trace leukocytes and/or ≥trace nitrites. Specificity was notably lower in female infants (60.3%) than males (85.0%), likely due to higher contamination rates in clean catch samples.Interpretation Automated dipstick urinalysis offers a reliable method for excluding UTI in infants >28 days and can guide selective urine culture use when clean catch urine sampling is used. However, dipstick testing of samples obtained by clean catch should not be used to rule out UTI in neonates or when relying on manual interpretation due to poor sensitivity.Funding Royal College of Emergency Medicine Doctoral Fellowship (RCEM 02/03/2021), the funders played no part in study conception or design.