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Background: Depression is a common global mental health issue, affecting around 3.8% of the population. It significantly impacts quality of life and social functioning, posing a major public health challenge. Sleep is a key factor influencing depression, with both sleep quality and quantity linked to mental health. However, sleep deprivation is widespread, and many people compensate by “weekend sleep recovery.” The effects of sleep deprivation and weekend recovery on depression risk are unclear, as irregular sleep patterns may worsen depressive symptoms. This study introduces the “Weekend Catch-up Sleep Ratio” (CUS ratio) to better understand the relationship between sleep patterns and depression.Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from individuals who participated in the 2021–2023 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and had complete data on CUS and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the potential independent association between depression and the CUS ratio. Additionally, smoothing curve fitting, threshold effect analysis, subgroup analysis, and interaction tests were conducted.Results: A total of 4,656 individuals were analyzed, categorized by depression symptoms (PHQ-9 score of 10 or higher), with an overall depression risk of 12.4%. In the adjusted model, the CUS ratio was significantly positively associated with depression risk (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.25–2.45), exhibiting a nonlinear threshold effect (inflection point at 1.11). When the CUS ratio ≤ 1.11, an increase in the ratio was associated with a reduced depression risk (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13–0.89), whereas when the CUS ratio > 1.11, each unit increase in the ratio significantly increased depression risk by 187% (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.84–4.50). Individuals with education levels of less than 9th grade, some college or an Associate of Arts (AA) degree, those who are overweight (25 ≤ BMI  1.11, each unit increase in the ratio significantly increased depression severity (Aβ = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.24–0.49). In particular, individuals without diabetes appeared more sensitive to fluctuations in sleep patterns.Conclusions: This study suggests that maintaining a balanced sleep pattern, with a CUS ratio between 1 and 1.11, may help reduce depression risk and promote better mental health.

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Mechanically resilient protein interactions are crucial for biological processes ranging from bacterial adhesion to human tissue formation. Catch-bonds, a unique class of protein interactions that strengthen under force, act like a molecular finger trap, tightening to prevent bond rupture. However, it remains unclear whether catch-bonds form immediately upon force application or require a specific force threshold for stabilization. Here, we employ an in silico single-molecule force spectroscopy approach that combines molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, dynamical network analysis, and AI-based modeling to investigate the XDoc:CohE complex, a hyperstable catch-bond found in cellulose-degrading bacteria. By analyzing amino acid interactions between XDoc and cohesin E, and between XDoc submodules (X-module and Doc), we show that AI regression models can accurately predict rupture forces using only short MD simulations, capturing key mechanostability features despite the binding interface’s complexity. Our results reveal that mechanostability signatures emerge early under force load, indicating that catch-bonds activate almost immediately. These findings provide new insights into the molecular principles governing force-dependent protein interactions and highlight the potential of AI-driven approaches for predicting and characterizing mechanostability, with broad implications for bioengineering and drug design.

Catch‐and‐release (C&R) angling is becoming more common worldwide for managing stream‐resident salmonids but has only recently been introduced in Japan. However, few studies have examined effects of C&R regulations on fish populations through adequate experimental designs. We estimated effects of implementing a C&R regulation on stream‐resident salmonids. The western part of the Agatsuma River system in Japan is a fishing area with standard regulations under which anglers can harvest white‐spotted charr or masu salmon of > 15 cm total length. In contrast, the eastern part is a fishing area with a C&R regulation requiring release of all caught fish, owing to radiocesium contamination caused by a nuclear accident at Fukushima. Density and total length of stream‐resident salmonids were examined in these areas in several tributaries. Fish density was significantly higher in the C&R area, whereas total length did not differ significantly between areas. Implementing a C&R regulation may be effective for conserving salmonid populations in mountainous streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]