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Organic Syntheses
Since 1921, Organic Syntheses has provided the chemistry community with annual collections of detailed, reliable, and carefully checked procedures for the synthesis of organic compounds. Some procedures describe practical methods for the preparation of specific compounds of interest, while other procedures illustrate important synthetic methods with general utility. Each procedure is written in considerably more detail as compared to typical experimental procedures in other journals, and each reaction and all characterization data has been carefully "checked" for reproducibility in the laboratory of a member of the Board of Editors.
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Technological catch-up: A new measure and patent-based evidence from China's manufacturing industries
The technological catch-up literature has not yet systematically assessed how different industries from latecomer economies have progressed in catching up. A significant challenge is the lack of reliable measures of innovation capability across countries, industries, and time. In this study, we develop a new measure of innovation capability called quality-weighted revealed innovation advantage (QRIA), which captures innovation capability more comprehensively and reliably than extant measures by simultaneously addressing issues of patent quantity distortion and patent quality heterogeneity. We apply QRIA to evaluate how globally competitive Chinese manufacturing industries (N = 22) have become in terms of innovation capability by using data from all invention patents granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) between 1983 and 2017. Using China as the empirical context, our study provides the first worldwide comparative evidence of technological catch-up across countries and industries over time. Our analyses reveal that while Chinese manufacturing industries have seen significant growth in patents, there are notable differences and time-varying changes in their innovation capabilities compared to their global counterparts. Only two industries have narrowed their gaps with global leaders: (1) computer, electronic, and optical products manufacturing and (2) electrical equipment manufacturing. The other industries have either fallen further behind global leaders or remained close to the average innovation capability.
The early bird catches the worm, but falls exhausted from the branch at dusk: developing the FIPS – Facets of (Mal)adaptive precrastination scale
The tendency to postpone tasks until the very last minute, whether in an academic setting, at school, or at the workplace, is a many common phenomenon experienced by individuals. This behavior, known as procrastination, has been extensively researched. While a significant number of people prefer to tackle tasks immediately rather than delaying them, there is limited research on the opposite behavior, often referred to as “precrastination.” This study aims at addressing this lack of research by developing the first measurement tool to make the construct of precrastination researchable. The questionnaire is named Facets of (Mal)adaptive Precrastination Scale (FIPS). To accomplish this, a sample of N = 214 German young to middle-aged adults was selected for the initial development of the instrument. Subsequently, another sample of N = 354 individuals was used for confirmatory factor analyses. The FIPS was validated by testing relationships with previously researched and well-known constructs, such as various personality traits. The outcome of this study is a three-dimensional questionnaire measuring functional precrastination, as well as precrastination driven by fear and by compulsion. By capturing both the behavior and its underlying motivations, the FIPS provides a reliable and efficient self-report instrument that enables research beyond laboratory paradigms and facilitates studies with larger and more diverse samples.
Catch-to-Amplify Nanoparticles with Bacteria Surface for Sequential Mucosal Immune Activation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy
Mucosal-mediated immune deficiency is associated with immune evasion and poor clinical outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we describe the elicitation of mucosal and systemic immune response by oral delivery of MDP-modified PEG-lipid (MDP-PEG-DSPE) and polylactic acid–polyhistidine (PLA–PHis) copolymer constructed nanosystem (mPOD) into Peyer’s patches. To protect against gastrointestinal degradation, enteric-soluble capsules are utilized for encapsulating mPOD to promote penetration across intestinal mucus and engender robust Peyer’s patch targeting initiated by MDP-PEG-DSPE. Compared with intravenous and intramuscular administration, the oral delivery of MDP-PEG-DSPE and 5′-triphosphate-modified RNA (ppp-RNA) into gut-associated lymphoid tissues reinforces dendritic cell maturation and migration, amplifies mucosal immune response, and boosts the production of secretory immunoglobulin A via retinoic acid-inducible gene I/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (RIG-I/NOD2) signaling activation. In the AML murine model, the provoked mucosal immunity positively regulates the systemic cytotoxic immune reactions, which, in turn, eradicate disseminated malignant leukemic cells and provide defense against leukemia attacks.
Green industrial policy and latecomer catch-up: A missed green window of opportunity for domestic solar PV module manufacturers in Indonesia
The notion of green industrial policy (GIP) has gained attention recently in order to conceptualize the relationship between the transition to green technologies and the development of domestic manufacturers of such technologies. In this paper, we contribute to advancing the literature on GIP by presenting a conceptual framework on GIP in the context of latecomer catch-up of domestic firms in developing countries. The framework combines insights from the development studies literature on industrial policies, policy mixes in sustainability transition studies and the literature on firm-level catch-up. We apply the framework to study how industrial policies and energy policies have interacted and influenced the initial entry and early-stage catch-up of domestic solar PV module manufacturers in Indonesia in the period 2008–2023. Empirically, we draw on semi-structured interviews with representatives of domestic solar PV module manufacturers, industry informants and relevant government agencies. Based on the conceptual framework, we identify the inhibiting and encouraging factors influencing firm-level catch-up trajectories within three distinctive phases. We find that, while the catch-up trajectory of domestic solar PV module manufacturers resembled a path toward coexistence during the first and second phases, the third phase involved an aborted catch-up trajectory. However, a new catch-up trajectory toward coexistence may be emerging in relation to the recent establishment of export-oriented solar PV module production. Conceptually, the paper contributes to advancing the literature on GIPs by adopting a firm-oriented perspective and by seeking closer integration with research in development studies on the catching-up of latecomer firms.
Weekend catch-up sleep and depressive symptoms in late adolescence and young adulthood: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Introduction Short, late, and irregular sleep are associated with increased risk for depression, a leading cause of disability in adolescents and young adults. This study evaluates the hypothesis that weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) can reduce depressive symptoms in late adolescents and young adults.Methods Secondary analyses were conducted using a nationally-representative sample of 16–24-year-olds in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2021–2023; N = 1087). Participants' reports of weekend and weekday bed- and wake-times were used to calculate WCS (>0 h or ≤ 0 h). Depression was operationalized as participant report of feeling “sad or depressed” daily. Analyses included the causal inference technique of inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment. Survey design variables were used to calculate propensity scores and inverse probability weights and then incorporated into the final multivariate logistic regression model which evaluated the relationship between WCS and daily depressive symptoms, covarying for weekday sleep duration and midpoint, body mass index, age, sex, and race/ethnicity.Results Late adolescents and young adults with WCS had 41 % lower odds of daily depressive symptoms compared to those without WCS, with similar results from causal inference and traditional multivariate regression models. Healthy weekday sleep duration at an optimal time each had twice the benefit for depressive symptoms.Conclusion WCS may reduce the incidence of daily depressive symptoms in late adolescents and young adults. WCS can be a healthy sleep habit, but additional research is needed to parse the relative benefits of WCS versus consistent and optimized weekday-weekend sleep duration and timing.
Visual Formats in Risk Preference Elicitation: What Catches the Eye?
We explore the effect of lottery presentation formats on elicitation of risk preferences using a popular probability varying task (Holt & Laury. The American Economic Review 92 (5), 1644-1655. 2002) and a payoff-varying task (Drichoutis & Lusk. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 53 (2), 89-106. 2016). The presentation formats use horizontal bars that vary either the width or height of the bars (or both at the same time) to help subjects in judging how large or small probabilities and monetary amounts are in a given choice set. These graphical formats are compared to a text only format. We complement our choice data with eye tracking data that enriches our structural models with additional information regarding how visual attention varies with the presented information. While we find no statistically significant effects of presentation formats on elicited parameters for risk preferences, we find that eye tracking information not only is associated with preference parameters, but it also changes the inferences with respect to which decision theory better fits the choice data.
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