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The widespread adoption of third-party libraries (TPLs) in software development has significantly accelerated the creation of modern software. However, this convenience comes with potential legal risks. Developers may inadvertently violate the licenses of TPLs, leading to legal issues. While existing studies have explored software licenses and potential incompatibilities, these studies often focus on a limited set of licenses or rely on low-quality license data, which may affect their conclusions. To address this gap, there is an urgent need for a high-quality license dataset that encompasses a broad range of mainstream licenses and provides accurate terms and conflict information, to help developers navigate the complex landscape of software licenses, avoid potential legal pitfalls, and guide more informed and effective solutions for managing license compliance and compatibility in software development. To this end, we conduct the first work to understand the mainstream software licenses based on term granularity and obtain a high-quality dataset of 453 SPDX licenses with well-labeled terms and conflicts. Specifically, we first conduct a differential analysis of the mainstream platforms that provide license data to understand the terms and attitudes of each license. N ext, we further propose a standardized set of license terms to capture and label existing mainstream licenses with high quality. Moreover, we improve the existing license conflict mode to include copyleft conflicts and conclude the three major types of license conflicts among the 453 SPDX licenses. Based on the dataset, we carry out two empirical studies to reveal the concerns and threats from the perspectives of both licensors and licensees. One study provides an in-depth analysis of the similarities, differences, and conflicts among SPDX licenses, and the other revisits the usage and conflicts of licenses in the NPM ecosystem and draws conclusions that differ from previous work. Our studies reveal some insightful findings and disclose relevant analytical data, which set the stage for further research into the complexities of license compliance and compatibility.

Understanding the intra-annual dynamics of nitrogen (N) turnover across entire crop rotations is essential for minimizing N losses, as these dynamics carry legacy effects spanning agrohydrological years. While catch-crops (CCs) are widely adopted to mitigate N leaching, there is uncertainty of how their effectiveness varies across soil conditions and climates. This study used the agroecological model Daisy to evaluate regional variations, caused by differences in soil- and climatic-conditions, on N leaching in crop rotations with varying proportions of CCs, spring-, and winter-cereals as crop cover. This study utilized four soil types, from coarse sand to clay, and constructed eight 24-year crop rotation scenarios to quantify how differing levels of CC and winter cereal cover reduced annual N leaching and affected other key N-dynamics. Results confirmed that soil type alone could not explain differences in N leaching across crop rotations, but conditions such as early CC termination, restricted root development, high autumn precipitation, and percolation patterns, meant that winter wheat as an autumn cover could be equally effective as CCs in reducing annual N leaching. Although increasing CC-cover generally led to a near-linear reduction in N leaching, the magnitude of reduction varied depending on soil, CC species, and annual weather variability, ranging from 9 to 75 %. Differences between rotations could be largely explained by accounting for the intra-annual dynamics of N cycling. Finally, the high annual and site-specific variability in N leaching highlights the need for adaptive management strategies to ensure consistent reductions under increasingly unpredictable weather conditions.

This study proposes an Automatic Identification System (AIS)-based spatiotemporal allocation methodology to estimate catch distribution and fishing effort for large purse seine fisheries in Korean waters. AIS trajectory data from July 2019 to June 2022 were analyzed to identify fishing grounds, while carrier vessel port-entry records were used to estimate daily landings. These were allocated to specific fishing segments to derive spatially explicit catch quantities. Compared with periodic surveys or voluntary reports, the AIS-based approach significantly enhanced the accuracy of fishing ground identification and the reliability of catch estimation. The results showed that fishing activity peaked between November and February, with the highest catch densities observed south of Jeju Island and in adjacent East China Sea waters. Catch declined markedly from April to June due to the mackerel closed season. These findings demonstrate the method’s potential for evaluating the effectiveness of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) regulations, supporting dynamic and adaptive management frameworks, and strengthening IUU fishing monitoring. Although the current analysis is limited to TAC-regulated species, AIS-equipped vessels, and a three-year dataset, future studies could expand the timeframe, integrate environmental data, and apply this methodology to other fisheries to improve sustainable resource management.

Trawling, a widely practiced yet energy-intensive fishing method in India, relies heavily on otter boards to optimize fuel efficiency, catch rates, and economic performance. This study, conducted by the ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), evaluates the performance of a novel slotted V-form otter board (VSOB) against traditional non-slotted V-form otter boards (NSOB). Comprehensive field trials assessed critical parameters, including fuel consumption, net opening, and catch efficiency, under standardized trawling conditions. Results demonstrate that the VSOB design achieves a significant reduction in fuel consumption, averaging 24.7 L per hour a 15% decrease compared to NSOBs attributable to its streamlined structure that minimizes drag. Catch efficiency also improved, with an average haul yield of 19.5 kg for VSOBs compared to 17.1 kg for NSOBs. Furthermore, VSOBs facilitated the capture of a diverse range of pelagic and demersal species, meeting the operational requirements of large trawlers in southern India. Enhanced hydrodynamic performance allowed VSOBs to maintain broader spatial coverage without increasing engine RPM, improving overall operational efficiency. Fabricated from marine-grade steel, VSOBs exhibit superior durability, doubling the service life of conventional boards while reducing maintenance costs. Widespread adoption of VSOBs by 50% of India’s mechanized trawling fleet could result in annual fuel savings of approximately 60,005 L and a CO2 emissions reduction of 160.8 metric tons per hour. These findings underscore the transformative potential of advanced otter board designs in promoting energy efficient and environmentally sustainable fishing practices.

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The key questions to be considered in design of the detent catch mechanism are expatiated. Under limited condition, the applied force when rocket projectile retreating and locking force of the mechanism are analysed. In order to validate the use performance, the launching momentum analysis of the operation course of the mechanism is done with finite element software, the fracture time and the shear force when the resisting shear pin is cut to fracture is ascertained, which set base for the study of launch dynamics of rocket launcher’s inner trajectory and the analysis of initial disturbance.